This is the classic pattern used by many of the most established tools. The conversion process creates a unified payload by taking a pre-written (typically a small PIC written in assembly or C) and appending the raw bytes of the target EXE file. When the combined payload is executed in memory, the loader stub runs first. It must perform all the duties of the OS loader, including: walking the PEB to find loaded DLLs, resolving API functions by their ROR13 hashes to avoid plain-text strings, mapping the PE's sections into memory with correct permissions, and finally jumping to the original entry point to execute the main program.
Further reading (tools to search)
Absolutely – for red teaming, post-exploitation, and even legitimate security research. The ability to turn a complex, compiled tool into a single blob of memory-only shellcode bypasses many disk-based detections and opens the door to advanced injection techniques.
Donut-compressed shellcode is usually smaller than the original EXE (thanks to LZNT1). However, it can still be 100KB–2MB. Most injection targets (e.g., small buffer overflows) cannot host such large payloads. Consider staged payloads instead.
Use a disassembler like `nasm` or `objdump` to verify the generated shellcode: convert exe to shellcode
Donut is the most popular tool for this purpose:
To convert an EXE to shellcode, you must include an embedded "Reflective Loader" or a stub. This stub acts as a mini-operating system loader that parses the PE headers in memory dynamically. Methods to Convert EXE to Shellcode 1. Donut (Automated Tool)
Converting an EXE to shellcode is a common task in exploit development and "red teaming" to allow code to run directly in memory without being saved to a disk. The Conversion Process
Run the following command to convert a 64-bit EXE into raw shellcode: donut.exe -i target_program.exe -a 2 -o payload.bin Use code with caution. -i : Path to the input EXE. -a : Target architecture (1 for x86, 2 for x64, 3 for both). -o : Path to the output raw binary shellcode file. PE2SHC (by Hasherezade) This is the classic pattern used by many
Understanding the Challenge: Why Can't You Just Copy an EXE?
For very simple, self-contained programs written in C or Assembly, you can extract the .text section directly.
dumpbin /raw example.exe > example.bin
If you are currently developing or debugging a payload, let me know: What or tool you are currently using? What architecture are you targeting (x86 or x64)? It must perform all the duties of the
All jumps, calls, and data references must use relative addressing (RIP-relative in 64-bit architectures).
Security researchers, penetration testers, and malware analysts convert standard executables into shellcode for several distinct reasons:
There are three primary methodologies used to transform executable logic into valid shellcode. The chosen route depends on whether you are writing the code from scratch or converting an existing, compiled binary. 1. Writing Position-Independent Code (PIC) in C
EXEs rely heavily on external Dynamic Link Libraries (DLLs) like kernel32.dll or user32.dll to perform tasks (e.g., printing text, opening network sockets). The locations of these functions are resolved at runtime by the OS loader and mapped into the IAT. Shellcode does not have an OS loader to do this, so it must locate these APIs manually using memory-walking techniques. 3. Absolute vs. Position-Independent Code